佛教与明代宁远卫地方社会

[摘 要]通过解析觉华岛《重修大悲阁记》，可揭示出明代觉华岛的地理概况，宁远卫地区的宗教信仰与世俗社会，以及隐藏在这方碑刻背后的权力幽灵。明代觉华岛不仅为战略要地，还是宁远卫官兵的信仰空间。岛上的大悲阁供奉密教神祇千手千眼观世音菩萨，其依据是杂密经典《千手千眼观世音菩萨广大圆满无碍大悲心陀罗尼经》。此经宣扬的免除15种恶死、得15种善生、破除一切怨敌的功能对宁远卫将士具有巨大的吸引力。《重修大悲阁记》还隐晦地折射出明朝中期中央政局的变迁及其对宁远卫的影响。碑文作者受当时政治气氛的影响，精心选择宁远卫军政长官焦礼的生平事迹进行叙述，“合理”安排详略、分配笔墨，还借此表达拥护现任皇帝明英宗的政治姿态。

[关键词]觉华岛；宁远卫；焦礼；重修大悲阁记；密教

[中图分类号]K248 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1000-3541（2017）04-0110-08

Buddhism and the Local Society of Ningyuan Garrison in the Ming

——Revolving around the Inscription of Rebuilding the Great Mercy Storied-Pavilion in Juehua Island

YOU Li

（Yuanmingyuan Management， Beijing 100084， China）

Abstract：Through analyzing the inscription of rebuilding the Great Mercy Storied-Pavilion in Juehua Island， the thesis discovers the？geography survey of Juehua Island in the Ming Dynasty， religion and secular society in Ningyuan Garrison， and power ghost hiding this inscription. Juehua Island in the Ming Dynasty was not only a strategic location， but also commanders and troops’ belief space in Ningyuan Garrison. The Great Mercy Storied-Pavilion in this Island was dedicated to Esoteric Buddhist god-Avalokitesvara having thousand hands and thousand eyes， according to a Complex Esoteric Buddhist scripture-the Dharani classic on Avalokitesvara having thousand hands and thousand eyes being vast， perfect， unimpeded and maha karuna. The scripture publicizes 15 ways to exempt crime death， 15 methods to pursue good life， and the function of abolishing all enemies， which could greatly attract officers and men in this district. Still more， this inscription vaguely reflected central political situation vicissitude and its influence on Ningyuan Garrison in the Middle Ming Dynasty. The writer of this inscription， affected by political climate at that time， carefully selected and narrated the commanding officer in Ningyuan Garrison-Jiao Li’s life story. He reasonably arranged detailed and brief contents， and allocated words. However， he conveyed the commanding officer’ political posturing of supporting incumbent emperor-Ming Yingzong by means of writing this inscription.

Key words：Juehua Island； Ningyuan Garrison； Jiao Li； The Inscription of Rebuilding the Great Mercy Storied-Pavilion； Esoteric Buddhism

[收稿日期]2017-05-06

[基金項目]本文为楼宇烈先生主持“觉华岛佛教历史与文化”项目阶段性成果，并得到纳通医疗集团、辽宁省葫芦岛市政府和觉华岛旅游度假区管委会的大力支持、资助，谨此致谢。

明代，觉华岛（今辽宁菊花岛，2009年又改称觉华岛）属于辽东都司宁远卫（今辽宁兴城）管辖。觉华岛上留存的石刻《重修大悲阁记》详细叙述了宁远卫守将焦礼等修葺岛上辽代佛教建筑大悲阁过程，其中蕴含着关于明代宗教、政局变迁、政治军事制度及宁远卫地方社会的宝贵信息。本文拟具体解析此方碑铭，希冀对真切把握明代东北地区卫所的内部机制、宗教信仰及基层社会，能够有所裨益。

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